President Nixon

Richard Milhous Nixon was born on January 9, 1913, on the citrus farm of his parents, Francis Anthony Nixon (1878-1956) and Hannah Milhous Nixon (1885-1967), in a house his father built in Yorba Linda, California. Richard was the second of five brothers: Harold (1909-1933), Donald (1914-1987), Arthur (1918-1925), and Edward (1930-2019).

His early life was marked by financial hardship and by the deaths of his brothers Harold and Arthur. In 1922, after the failure of the Nixons' ranch (today the site of the Nixon Presidential Library and Museum), the family moved to be nearer Hannah's relatives in Whittier, California. There, Frank Nixon opened a combination grocery store and gas station in which the entire Nixon family worked in order to make ends meet.

Richard Nixon enrolled at Whittier College in September 1930. He was an active student, pursuing his interests in student government, drama, and football while living at home and helping to run the family's store. Nixon won a scholarship to attend Duke University School of Law in May 1934, where he was president of the Student Bar Association and a member of the law review. He graduated in June 1937.

Nixon returned to Whittier and joined the law firm Wingert and Bewley. On January 16, 1938, he met a schoolteacher named Thelma Catherine "Pat" Ryan at a rehearsal for a community play in which they were both acting. Smitten, Nixon pursued Ryan. They were married on June 21, 1940, in the Presidential Suite of the Mission Inn in Riverside, California, and honeymooned in Mexico.

In January 1942, the Nixons moved to Washington, D.C., where Nixon joined the Office of Price Administration. On June 15, 1942, he accepted an appointment as a lieutenant junior grade in the United States Naval Reserve and entered the Naval Training School, Naval Air Station in Quonset Point, Rhode Island on August 17, 1942.

Upon completing the training in October 1942, Nixon served as Aide to the Executive Officer at the Naval Reserve Aviation Base in Ottumwa, Iowa until May 1943. He volunteered for sea duty and was assigned to the Commander, Air Force, U.S. Pacific Fleet. He served as Officer in Charge of the South Pacific Combat Air Transport Command on the island of New Caledonia at Bougainville, Vella Lavella and Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands, and later at Green Island.

Nixon was promoted to Lieutenant on October 1, 1943. He went on to serve with Fleet Air Wing EIGHT and at various military offices throughout the United States. He was promoted again in June 1953 to the rank of Commander in the Naval Reserve.

For his service, Richard Nixon was awarded a Letter of Commendation, the American Campaign Medal, the Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal, and the World War II Victory Medal.

After fifteen months overseas, Nixon was transferred to the Fleet Air Wing at Alameda, California and later, the Navy Bureau of Aeronautics in Washington, D.C.

At the end of the war he was engaged in negotiating the termination of Navy contracts with aircraft manufacturers in Baltimore, Maryland. For his performance on this assignment Nixon received a second Letter of Commendation. He was released from active duty as a Lieutenant Commander in March, 1946 and retired from the Naval Reserve on June 1, 1966.

His full naval biographical profile is available via the U.S. Navy's Naval History and Heritage Command website. 

Following the end of the war, prominent Republicans in Whittier approached Nixon about running for Congress in 1946. Nixon accepted their offer, and, on November 6, 1946, defeated Democratic Congressman Jerry Voorhis by more than fifteen thousand votes. He moved to Washington with his wife Pat and their young daughter, Patricia (known as "Tricia"), who had been born on February 21, 1946. (Their second daughter, Julie, was born on July 5, 1948.)

As a congressman, he served on the Education and Labor Committee and supported the enactment of the Taft-Hartley Act, which greatly restricted the powers of labor unions. Nixon also served on the Herter Committee, which traveled to Europe to prepare a preliminary report on the Marshall Plan.

In 1948, as a member of the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), he took the lead in investigating charges against former State Department official Alger Hiss of spying for the Soviet Union before and during World War II. The case turned the young congressman into a national figure—and a controversial one, because many prominent figures asserted Hiss's innocence. Not until decades later, after the end of the Cold War, would intelligence information released both by the U.S. government and the Russian government confirm Hiss' guilt.

Nixon was easily re-elected in 1948.

In 1950, he defeated Democratic Congresswoman Helen Gahagan Douglas to win California's vacant U.S. Senate seat by more than half a million votes. The campaign was fierce. Nixon, who thought the former actress was too sympathetic to left-wing causes, said Douglas was "pink right down to her underwear." In response, Douglas labeled Nixon "Tricky Dick."

As senator, Nixon criticized President Harry S. Truman's handling of the Korean War and gave speeches across the nation warning of the threat of global Communism.

Nixon's prominence as an anti-Communist soon brought him to greater national attention. General Dwight Eisenhower, the Republican candidate for president in 1952, selected Nixon as his running mate at the Republican convention in Chicago on July 11, 1952.

Two months later, the New York Post ran an article claiming that campaign donors were buying influence with Nixon by providing him with a secret cash fund for his personal expenses. Nixon defended himself against the accusations, noting that the fund was neither secret nor unusual and produced an independent audit showing that the funds had been used only for political purposes. To rebut his critics, Nixon appeared on television to the largest audience in history to date. In the live, nationwide broadcast, Nixon detailed his personal financial history and then outflanked his detractors by saying that his family had accepted one campaign gift for themselves: a beloved black-and-white cocker spaniel named Checkers whom they intended to keep. The speech was a great success, shoring up his support with the Republican Party's base, demonstrating his appeal to the wider public, and thus keeping him on the Republican ticket-and proving the importance of television as a political medium.

In November 1952, Eisenhower and Nixon defeated the candidates on the Democratic ticket, presidential nominee Illinois Governor Adlai Stevenson and running mate Alabama Senator John Sparkman, by seven million votes.

Under Eisenhower, Nixon made the vice presidency a visible and important office. Nixon chaired National Security Council meetings in the president's absence and undertook many goodwill tours of foreign countries in an effort to shore up support for American policies during the Cold War. On one such trip to Caracas, Venezuela, on May 13, 1958, protesters first spat on the vice president and Mrs. Nixon at the airport. Later that day, rioters assaulted Nixon's motorcade, injuring Venezuela's foreign minister and making Nixon realize that he might actually be killed. Nixon attracted international notice for his coolness in the face of anti-American demonstrations.

In July 1959, Eisenhower sent Nixon to the Soviet Union to represent the United States at the opening of the American National Exhibition in Moscow, the Soviet capital. While touring the exhibit with Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, the pair stopped at a model of an American kitchen. There they engaged in an impromptu discussion about the American standard of living that quickly escalated into an exchange over the two countries' ideological and military strength. Nixon's performance in the "Kitchen Debate" further raised his stature back in the United States.

In 1960, facing little competition, Nixon won the Republican nomination for president and chose former Massachusetts Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., then U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, to be his running mate. The election of 1960 was a hard-fought contest between Nixon and the Democratic nominee, Massachusetts Senator John F. Kennedy, who had also been elected to Congress in 1946. Many observers then and later concluded that the turning point came during the first-ever televised debates. Nixon, wearing little make-up, looked wan and uncomfortable, while Kennedy appeared to be cool, composed, and confident. In November, Nixon lost to Kennedy by less than 120,000 votes, or 0.2 percent of the popular vote.

Following the 1960 election defeat, the Nixon family left Washington in January 1961 and returned to Southern California, where Nixon practiced law and wrote a bestselling memoir, Six Crises. Throughout 1961, local and national Republican leaders encouraged Nixon to run for governor in 1962 against Democratic incumbent Edmund G. "Pat" Brown, Sr., arguing that staying on the sidelines would mean the end of Nixon's political life. Despite initial reluctance, Nixon entered the race.

His gubernatorial campaign was hobbled by a combination of the public's suspicion that Nixon viewed the office as a stepping-stone, opposition from the far right of his own party, and his own lack of interest in being governor. He lost to Brown by nearly 300,000 votes. At the time, even Nixon viewed the defeat as the end of his career in politics, telling reporters the Wednesday morning following election night 1962 that "You won't have Nixon to kick around anymore because, gentlemen, this is my last press conference."

The Nixon family then moved to New York City, where Nixon resumed his practice as a lawyer. Later, after he had become president, Nixon called this period his "wilderness years," comparing his time out of office to similar interludes in the lives of leaders such as Winston Churchill and Charles de Gaulle. Although largely out of the public eye, Nixon remained active in politics, commenting on the policies of the Kennedy and Johnson administrations and campaigning for Republican candidates. Nixon retained the support of many Republicans across the country who respected his knowledge of politics and international affairs, a reputation enhanced in 1967 by Nixon's article "Asia After Vietnam" in the eminent journal Foreign Affairs. Nixon's strenuous efforts on behalf of Republican congressional candidates around the country in 1966 further solidified his support among members of the party.

1968 Campaign

In January 1968, Nixon decided to once again seek the nomination of the Republican Party for president. Portraying himself as a figure of stability in a time of national upheaval, Nixon promised a return to traditional values and "law and order." He fended off challenges from other candidates such as California Governor Ronald Reagan, New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller, and Michigan Governor George Romney to secure the nomination at the Republican convention in Miami. Nixon unexpectedly chose Governor Spiro Agnew of Maryland as his running mate.

Nixon's campaign was helped by the tumult within the Democratic Party in 1968. Consumed by the war in Vietnam, President Lyndon B. Johnson announced on March 31 that he would not seek re-election. On June 5, immediately after winning the California primaries, former attorney general and then-U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy (brother of the late president John F. Kennedy) was assassinated in Los Angeles. The campaign of Vice President Hubert Humphrey, the Democratic nominee for president, went into a tailspin after the Democratic national convention in Chicago was marred by mass protests and violence. By contrast, Nixon appeared to represent a calmer society, and his campaign promised peace at home and abroad. Despite a late surge by Humphrey, Nixon won by nearly 500,000 popular votes. Third-party candidate George Wallace, the once and future governor of Alabama, won nearly ten million popular votes and 46 electoral votes, principally in the Deep South.

First Term

Once in office, Nixon and his staff faced the problem of how to end the Vietnam War, which had broken his predecessor's administration and threatened to cause major unrest at home. As protesters in America's cities called for an immediate withdrawal from Southeast Asia, Nixon made a nationally televised address on November 3, 1969, calling on the "silent majority" of Americans to renew their confidence in the American government and back his policy of seeking a negotiated peace in Vietnam. Earlier that year, Nixon and his Defense Secretary Melvin Laird had unveiled the policy of "Vietnamization," which entailed reducing American troop levels in Vietnam and transferring the burden of fighting to South Vietnam; accordingly, U.S. troop strength in Vietnam fell from 543,000 in April 1969 to zero on March 29, 1973. Nevertheless, the Nixon administration was harshly criticized for its use of American military force in Cambodia and its stepped-up bombing raids during the later years of the first term.

Nixon's foreign policy aimed to reduce international tensions by forging new links with old rivals. In February 1972, Nixon traveled to Beijing (Peking), Hangzhou (Hangchow), and Shanghai in China for talks with Chinese leaders Chairman Mao Zedong (Mao Tse Tung) and Premier Zhou Enlai (Chou En-lai). Nixon's trip was the first high-level contact between the United States and the People's Republic of China in more than twenty years, and it ushered in a new era of relations between Washington and Beijing. Several weeks later, in May 1972, Nixon visited Moscow for a summit meeting with Leonid Brezhnev, general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and other Soviet leaders. Their talks led to the signing of the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT), the first comprehensive and detailed nuclear weapons limitation pact between the two superpowers.

Foreign policy initiatives represented only one aspect of Nixon's presidency during his first term. In August 1969, Nixon proposed the Family Assistance Plan, a welfare reform that would have guaranteed an income to all Americans. The plan, however, did not receive congressional approval. In August 1971, spurred by high inflation rates, Nixon imposed wage and price controls in an effort to gain control of price levels in the U.S. economy; at the same time, prompted by worries over the soundness of U.S. currency, Nixon took the dollar off the gold standard and let it float against other countries' currencies.

On July 20, 1969, astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin Eugene "Buzz" Aldrin, Jr. became the first humans to walk on the Earth's moon, while fellow astronaut Michael Collins orbited in the Apollo 11 command module. Nixon made what has been termed the longest-distance telephone call ever made to speak with the astronauts from the Oval Office. And on September 28, 1971, Nixon signed legislation abolishing the military draft.

In addition to such weighty affairs of state, Nixon's first term was also full of lighter-hearted moments. On April 29, 1969, Nixon awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor, to Duke Ellington and then led hundreds of guests in singing "Happy Birthday" to the famed band leader.

On June 12, 1971, Tricia Nixon became the sixteenth White House bride when she and Edward Finch Cox of New York married in the Rose Garden. Theirs was the first wedding held in the Rose Garden. Julie Nixon had wed Dwight David Eisenhower II, grandson of President Eisenhower, on December 22, 1968, in New York's Marble Collegiate Church, while her father was President-elect. 

Perhaps most famous was Nixon's meeting with Elvis Presley on December 21, 1970, when the President and the King of Rock 'n' Roll discussed the drug problem facing American youth.

Re-election, Second Term, and Watergate

In his 1972 bid for re-election, Nixon defeated South Dakota Senator George McGovern, the Democratic candidate for president, by one of the widest electoral margins ever, winning 520 electoral college votes to McGovern's 17 and nearly 61 percent of the popular vote. Just a few months later, investigations and public controversy over the Watergate scandal had sapped Nixon's popularity. The Watergate scandal began with the June 1972 discovery of a break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate office complex in Washington, D.C., but media and official investigations soon revealed a broader pattern of abuse of power by the Nixon administration, leading to his resignation.

The Watergate burglars were soon linked to officials of the Committee to Re-elect the President, the group that had run Nixon's 1972 re-election campaign. Soon thereafter, several administration officials resigned; some, including former attorney general John Mitchell, were later convicted of offenses connected with the break-in and other crimes and went to jail. Nixon denied any personal involvement with the Watergate burglary, but the courts forced him to yield tape recordings of conversations between the president and his advisers indicating that the president had, in fact, participated in the cover-up, including an attempt to use the Central Intelligence Agency to divert the FBI's investigation into the break-in. (For more information about Watergate, please visit the Ford Presidential Library and Museum's online Watergate exhibit.)

Investigations into Watergate also revealed other abuses of power, including numerous warrantless wiretaps on reporters and others, campaign "dirty tricks," and the creation of a "Plumbers" unit within the White House. The Plumbers, formed in response to the leaking of the Pentagon Papers to news organizations by former Pentagon official Daniel Ellsberg, broke into the office of Ellsberg's psychiatrist.

Adding to Nixon's worries was an investigation into Vice President Agnew's ties to several campaign contributors. The Department of Justice found that Agnew had taken bribes from Maryland construction firms, leading to Agnew's resigning in October 1973 and his entering a plea of no contest to income tax evasion. Nixon nominated Gerald Ford, Republican leader in the House of Representatives, to succeed Agnew. Ford was confirmed by both houses of Congress and took office on December 6, 1973.

Such controversies all but overshadowed Nixon's other initiatives in his second term, such as the signing of the Paris peace accords ending American involvement in the Vietnam war in January 1973; two summit meetings with Brezhnev, in June 1973 in Washington and in June and July 1974 in Moscow; and the administration's efforts to secure a general peace in the Middle East following the Yom Kippur War of 1973.

The revelations from the Watergate tapes, combined with actions such as Nixon's firing of Watergate special prosecutor Archibald Cox, badly eroded the president's standing with the public and Congress. Facing certain impeachment and removal from office, Nixon announced his decision to resign in a national televised address on the evening of August 8, 1974. He resigned effective at noon the next day, August 9, 1974. Vice President Ford then became president of the United States. On September 8, 1974, Ford pardoned Nixon for "all offenses against the United States" which Nixon "has committed or may have committed or taken part in" during his presidency. In response, Nixon issued a statement in which he said he regretted "not acting more decisively and forthrightly in dealing with Watergate."

Richard Milhous Nixon

Birth Date: January 9, 1913, in Yorba Linda, California

Death Date: April 22, 1994, in New York City, New York

Father: Francis Anthony Nixon (1878-1956)
Born: Dec. 3, 1878, Elk, Ohio
Married: Hannah Milhous - June 25, 1908, Whittier, California
Died: Sept. 4, 1956, La Habra, California
Religion: Quaker

Mother: Hannah Milhous Nixon (1885-1967)
Born: March 7, 1885, near Butlerville, Indiana
Married: Frank Nixon on June 25, 1908, Whittier, California
Died: September 30, 1967, Whittier, California
Father: Franklin Milhous, 1848-1919
Mother: Almira Park Burdg Milhous, 1849-1943
Grandfather: Joshua Vickers Milhous, 1820-1883
Grandmother: Elizabeth Price Griffith, 1827-1923
Religion: Quaker

Paternal Grandparents: Samuel Brady Nixon (1847-1914) and Sarah Ann Wadsworth (1852-1886)

Maternal Grandparents: Franklin Milhous (1848-1919) and Almira Park Burdg (1849-1943)

Brothers: 
Harold Samuel Nixon - Born June 1, 1909; died March 7, 1933 at age 23 from tuberculosis
Francis Donald Nixon - Born November 23, 1914; died June 27, 1987 at age 73 from cancer; m. Clara Jane Lemke, August 9, 1942
Arthur Burdg Nixon - Born May 26, 1918; died August 10, 1925 at the age of 7 of tubercular encephalitis
Edward Calvert Nixon - Born May 3, 1930; died February 27, 2019; m. Gay Lynne Woods, June 1, 1957

Thelma Catherine (Patricia) Ryan

Birth Date: March 16, 1912, in Ely, Nevada

Death Date: June 22, 1993, in Park Ridge, New Jersey

Father: William Martin Ryan (1866-1930)

Mother: Katharine "Kate" Halberstadt (1879-1926)

Siblings: Children of William Martin Ryan and Kate Halberstadt:
William George Ryan, 1910-1997
Thomas Sanford Ryan, 1911-1991
Thelma Catherine "Pat" Ryan, 1912-1993

Children of Kate Halberstadt by her first marriage to Matthew Bender (d. 1904):
Matthew Gottfried Bender, 1903-1973
Neva Louise (Bender) Renter, 1904-1981

The Nixons

Wedding: Thelma Catherine (Pat) Ryan and Richard Milhous Nixon married on June 21, 1940, in the Presidential Suite of the Mission Inn in Riverside, California, and honeymooned in Mexico.

Daughters:

Patricia (known as "Tricia") born on February 21, 1946 in Whittier, California. On June 12, 1971, Tricia became the sixteenth White House bride when she and Edward Finch Cox of New York married in the Rose Garden. They have one son: Christopher Nixon Cox (1979-).

Julie born on July 5, 1948 in Washington, D.C. Julie wed Dwight David Eisenhower II, grandson of President Eisenhower, on December 22, 1968, in New York's Marble Collegiate Church, while her father was President-elect. They have three children: Jennie Elizabeth Eisenhower (1978-); Alex Richard Eisenhower (1980-); and Melanie Catherine Eisenhower (1984-).

Pets: 

Checkers - Cocker Spaniel - given to Nixon Family in 1952, died September 6, 1964. Buried at Bideawee Association Pet Cemetery Memorial Park, Wantagh, Nassau County, New York.

White House Pets
King Timahoe - Irish Setter - given to President Nixon by staff in January 1969 - died circa 1979
Vicky - Miniature Poodle - Julie Nixon Eisenhower's pet - died circa 1976
Pasha - Yorkshire Terrier - Trisha Nixon Cox's pet - died circa 1978

• January 9, 1913
  Richard Nixon is born in Yorba Linda, California, to Frank and Hannah Milhous Nixon.
   
• June 28, 1914
  The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, leads within weeks to the outbreak of World War I.
   
• November 7, 1917
  The Bolsheviks overthrow the Russian government in Petrograd (later Leningrad, still later St. Petersburg), leading to the formation of a Communist government, the sparking of a civil war within the former Russian empire, and finally, in December 1922, the foundation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
   
• August 18, 1920
  Upon the Tennessee legislature's approval of the 19th amendment to the constitution, the document becomes law, guaranteeing that neither the federal government nor the state governments can deny women the right to vote.
   
• 1928-1930
  Attends Whittier High School
   
• October 29, 1929
  Stock market crash; start of the Great Depression
   
• 1930-1934
  Nixon attends Whittier College in Whittier, California
   
• 1934-1937
  Nixon attends Duke University Law School in Durham, North Carolina.
   
• November 9, 1937
  Admitted to California Bar and joins law firm of Wingert and Bewley in Whittier
   
• January 1, 1939
  Becomes a partner in the reorganized law firm of Bewley, Knoop and Nixon; opens a branch office in La Habra, California
   
• September 1, 1939
  Germany invades Poland; start of World War II
   
• June 21, 1940
  Nixon marries Thelma Catherine ("Pat") Ryan in Riverside, California.
   
• December 7, 1941
  Japanese attack on U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor
   
• January 9, 1942
  Nixon moves to Washington, D.C., to join the Office of Price Administration, the federal agency charged with regulating wartime prices and and overseeing rationing.
   
• June 15, 1942
  Receives commission as United States Navy Lieutenant (junior grade)
   
• 1943-1945
  Nixon serves active duty in the U.S. Navy. Nixon is assigned to South Pacific Combat Air Transport Command as a ground officer; he serves at New Caledonia, Bougainville, and Green Island.
   
• August 6, 1945
  Following the end of hostilities in Europe, the war in the Pacific is brought to a close after the first military use of nuclear weapons against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan formally surrenders on September 2, 1945.
   
• February 21, 1946
  Daughter Patricia ("Tricia") Nixon is born.
   
• March 10, 1946
  Released from active duty in the United States Naval Reserve
   
• November 5, 1946
  Elected to Congress, defeating incumbent Jerry Voorhis
   
• January 3, 1947
  Nixon is sworn in as Representative for the Twelfth Congressional District of California. His tenure lasts until his resignation in November 1950 following his election to the Senate. Assigned to House Education and Labor Committee and House Committee on Un-American Activities
   
• May 14, 1948
  Manages passage of Mundt-Nixon bill, the first piece of legislation passed by the House Committee on Un-American Activities in ten years, providing for the annual registration of members of the Communist party
   
• July 5, 1948
  Daughter Julie Nixon is born.
   
• August 5, 1948-December 15, 1948
  Nixon brings former State Department official Alger Hiss to the witness stand of the House Un-American Activities Committee after Whittaker Chambers accuses Hiss of being a Soviet agent. The course of the Hiss case, which ended with Hiss' conviction for perjury, catapults Nixon into national attention.
   
• October 1, 1949
  People's Republic of China formally proclaimed
   
• November 7, 1950
  Nixon is elected as Senator for California and serves from December 1, 1950, until January 1, 1953.
   
• May 1951
  Attends the World Health Organization Conference in Geneva, Switzerland
   
• July 11, 1952
  Receives the Republican Vice-Presidential nomination
   
• September 23, 1952
  In a nationally televised speech, Nixon responds to charges of improper use of campaign funds, which had jeopardized his spot on the Republican national ticket. During his defense, and after refuting the charges, he states that his wife wears only a "respectable Republican cloth coat" and the only gift he has kept was Checkers, the family's cocker spaniel--giving the appearance its other name, the "Checkers speech".
   
• November 4, 1952
  Nixon is elected Vice President of the United States on the ticket of President Dwight Eisenhower.
   
• January 20, 1953
  Inaugurated as Vice President
   
• June 1, 1953
  Promoted to Commander in the Naval Reserve
   
• June 2, 1953
  Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II
   
• August 13, 1953
  Made chairman of the President's committee on government contracts
   
• October 6, 1953-December 14, 1953
  Goodwill tour of Asia and Africa
   
• December 8, 1954
  Supreme Court decides Brown v. Board of Education, ordering integration of public schools in the United States.
   
• June 2, 1955-March 5, 1955
  Goodwill tour of the Caribbean
   
• September 24, 1955
  President Eisenhower suffers a heart attack
   
• December 1, 1955
  Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat, sparking Montgomery, Alabama, bus boycott
   
• January 1956-February 1956
  Attends Brazilian presidential inauguration as the representative of the United States
   
• June 30, 1956-July 11, 1956
  Goodwill tour of Asia
   
• October 23, 1956-November 10, 1956
  Hungarian citizens revolt against the Hungarian government and Soviet influence in Hungary, leading to the occupation of the country by the Soviet Red Army.
   
• October 29, 1956-November 7, 1956
  Suez crisis
   
• November 6, 1956
  Nixon is re-elected Vice President of the United States to President Dwight Eisenhower.
   
• December 18, 1956-December 24, 1956
  Visits Austria to inspect conditions of Hungarian refugees who fled Hungary after the unsuccessful revolt against Communist rule there.
   
• January 21, 1957
  Public Inauguration
   
• January 27, 1957
  Elvis single "Heartbreak Hotel" released
   
• February 28, 1957-March 21, 1957
  Travels to Italy and Africa
   
• September 25, 1957
  National Guard troops escort African-American students to class in Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, as part of the desegregation of schools there.
   
• October 4, 1957
  Soviet Union launches Sputnik, Earth's first artificial satellite.
   
• April 27, 1958-May 15, 1958
  In Latin America trip, Nixon faces anti-Nixon riots in Lima, Peru, on May 8th and in Caracas, Venezuela, on May 13th.
   
• November 24, 1958-November 29, 1958
  Travels to England
   
• January 31, 1959
  Appointed chairman of Cabinet committee on price stability for economic growth
   
• July 22, 1959-August 2, 1959
  Travels to the Soviet Union
   
• July 24, 1959
  Nixon participates in spontaneous the "Kitchen Debate" with Soviet Premier Nikita Krushchev in a model kitchen in the American National Exhibition in Moscow. Nixon's strong showing against the Soviet leader gives him a new standing in the United States.
   
• August 2, 1959-August 5, 1959
  Visits Poland
   
• July 27, 1960
  Nixon receives Republican nomination for President.
   
• September 26, 1960-October 21, 1960
  Nixon-Kennedy debates
   
• November 8, 1960
  Loses Presidential election
   
• March 13, 1961
  Joins Los Angeles law firm of Adams, Duque and Hazeltine
   
• April 12, 1961
  Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin becomes first human in space.
   
• April 15, 1961
  Bay of Pigs Invasion
   
• March 29, 1962
  Six Crises published
   
• November 6, 1962
  Nixon is defeated in California gubernatorial race by Democratic incumbent Edmund G. "Pat" Brown. After his defeat becomes clear, Nixon tells reporters "You won't have Nixon to kick around any more, because, gentlemen, this is my last press conference."
   
• 1963-1967
  Nixon practices law in New York City. Joins the law firm of Mudge, Stern, Baldwin and Todd. Reorganized firm becomes Nixon, Mudge, Rose, Guthrie and Alexander in 1964.
   
• June 16, 1963
  Cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova becomes first woman in space.
   
• November 22, 1963
  President John F. Kennedy assassinated
   
• February 9, 1964
  The Beatles appear on The Ed Sullivan Show.
   
• April 27, 1966
  Argues first case before the Supreme Court
   
• June 1, 1966
  Retired from U.S. Naval Reserve
   
• September 8, 1966
  First episode of Star Trek broadcast on television.
   
• April 4, 1968
  Martin Luther King, Jr., assassinated
   
• June 5, 1968
  Robert Kennedy assassinated
   
• August 8, 1968
  Nominated as Republican candidate for President
   
• August 20, 1968
  Soviet troops invade Czechoslovakia, ending the "Prague Spring"
   
• September 16, 1968
  Nixon appears on Rowan and Martin's "Laugh-in" delivering the famous phrase "Sock it to ME?"
   
• November 5, 1968
  Nixon is elected 37th President of the United States.
   
• December 22, 1968
  Nixon's daughter Julie marries Dwight David Eisenhower II, grandson of former president Dwight Eisenhower.

• January 20
  Richard Milhous Nixon inaugurated President of the United States on the East Portico of the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C.

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Inaugural Address (1)

• February 4
  In Cairo, Yasser Arafat is appointed Palestinian Liberation Organization leader at the Palestinian National Congress, and takes command the next day. 
   

• February 23-March 2
  Visits European capitals

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Remarks at Andrews Air Force Base on Departing for Europe (66) and Remarks at Andrews Air Force Base on Returning from Europe (94). See also items (67)-(93) for remarks made during the trip.

• February 24
  The U.S. Supreme Court (Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District) rules that the First Amendment applies to public schools.
   
• March 1
  Mickey Mantle of the New York Yankees announces his retirement. 
   

• March 14
  Asks Congress to approve modified Antiballistic Missile (ABM) System

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Statement on Deployment of the Antiballistic Missile System (109)

• March 17 (Eastern Standard Time)
  Nixon orders secret bombings of Cambodia to destroy North Vietnamese supply routes and base camps, commencing with "Operation Breakfast."

  Reference:   Henry Kissinger.   The White House Years. Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1979, pgs. 239-254 and H. R. Haldeman.   The Haldeman Diaries. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1994, pgs. 40-41

• March 25
  John Lennon and Yoko Ono marry in Gibraltar
   
• March 28
  General and 34th U.S. President, Dwight D. Eisenhower, dies after a long illness in the Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, D.C.
   
• April 9
  The Harvard University Administration Building is seized by close to 300 students, mostly members of the Students for a Democratic Society. Before the takeover ends, 45 will be injured and 184 arrested.
   
• April 29
  Nixon celebrates Duke Ellington's birthday and awards Ellington the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
   
• May 1969
  Nixon orders FBI wiretaps to track the sources of leaks revealing secret bombings of Cambodia.
   

• May 13
  Delivers special message to Congress on reforming military draft

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Special Message to the Congress on Reforming the Military Draft (194)

• May 14
  Supreme Court Justice Abe Fortas, who was appointed by President Lyndon Johnson in 1965, resigns

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Letter Accepting the Resignation of Abe Fortas as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (197)

• May 21
  Nominates Warren Burger as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Remarks Announcing the Nomination of Judge Warren Earl Burger to be Chief Justice of the United States (209) and Facts on File 1969 pgs. 343F2; 390D2

• June 8
  Meets with Republic of Vietnam President Nguyen Van Thieu on Midway Island; announces troop reduction in Vietnam

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Remarks at Honolulu en route to a Meeting with President Nguyen Van Thieu of the Republic of Vietnam at Midway Island (June 7, 1969) (230); Remarks Following Initial Meeting with President Thieu at Midway Island (231); Joint Statement Following the Meeting with President Thieu (232); Remarks at the Conclusion of Discussion with President Thieu (233); Remarks on Departure from Midway Island (234); Remarks on Return from Meeting with President Thieu at Midway Island (June 10, 1969) (235)

• June 9
  By a vote of 74-3, Senate confirms nomination of Warren Burger as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

  Reference:   Facts on File 1969 p. 376A1

• June 23
  Warren Burger takes the judicial oath as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

  Reference:   Facts on File 1969 p. 390D2

• June 28
  The Stonewall riots in New York City mark the start of the modern gay rights movement in the U.S. 
   

• July 20
  Apollo 11 lands on the moon. Astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin become the first people to walk on the moon, while crewmate Michael Collins orbits in the Columbia command module.

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Telephone Conversation with the Apollo 11 Astronauts on the Moon (272)

• July 25
  Nixon outlines what became known as the Nixon Doctrine whereby the United States would provide arms and aid--but not military forces--to its Asian allies, who would provide their own military forces in resisting communist aggression.

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Informal Remarks in Guam with Newsmen (279)

• July 26-August 2
  Meets with Asian leaders

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Remarks on Arrival at Manila, the Philippines (281); Remarks on Departure from Pakistan (306); see also items (282)-(305)

• August 2-3
  Visits Romania

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Remarks on Arrival at Bucharest, Romania (307); Remarks on Departure from Romania (310); see also items 308 and 309

• August 8
  Nixon announces the Family Assistance Plan, his welfare reform proposal providing direct payments to the working poor. Rejected by Congress, the FAP never became law.

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Address to the Nation on Domestic Programs (324)

• August 15-August 18
  Woodstock Music and Art Festival
   

• August 18
  Nominates Clement F. Haynsworth, Jr., as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Appendix A, August 18, Announcement by the Press Secretary of the nomination of Judge Clement F. Haynsworth, Jr., as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court

• September 1
  A coup in Libya ousts King Idris and installs Colonel Muammar el-Qaddafi.
   
• September 2
  The first automatic teller machine in the United States is installed in Rockville Centre, New York. 
   
• September 13
  Scooby-Doo, Where are You! (1969-1972) premieres on CBS Saturday Morning.
   

• October 15
  Vietnam Moratorium disturbances

  Reference:   John Herbers.   "Vietnam Moratorium observed nationwide by foes of the war." New York Times, October 16, 1969, p.1

• October 21
  Willy Brandt becomes Chancellor of West Germany
   

• October 29
  Supreme Court orders school integration "at once"

  Reference:   Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education, 396 U.S. 1218 (1969)

• November 3
  Nixon outlines the policy of "Vietnamization" whereby the United States would provide South Vietnam with equipment and financial aid but withdraw American troops. He asks for the support of the "silent majority."
  ****Listen to excerpts from speech

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Address to the Nation on the War in Vietnam (425)

• November 9
  A group of American Indians, led by Richard Oakes, seizes the Alcatraz island for 19 months, inspiring a wave of renewed Indian pride and government reform.
   
• November 10
  Sesame Street debuts
   
• November 14
  NASA launches Apollo 12 (Pete Conrad, Richard Gordon, Alan Bean), the second manned mission to the Moon. 
   

• November 21
  Senate rejects Nixon's nomination of Clement F. Haynsworth, Jr., as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court by a vote of 55 to 45

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Statement Following the Senate Vote on the Nomination of Judge Clement F. Haynsworth, Jr., as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court (454) and Facts on File 1969 p. 759C2

• November 24
  Signs Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Treaty

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Statement on Signing the Instrument of Ratification of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (458)

• December 2
  The Boeing 747 jumbo jet makes its debut. It carries 191 people, most of them reporters and photographers, from Seattle to New York City.
   

• December 30
  Signs Tax Reform Act of 1969 and Defense Appropriation Act of 1970

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Statement on Signing the Tax Reform Act of 1969 (501) and Facts on File 1969 p. 839D3

• January 1
  Signs National Environmental Policy Act of 1969

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Remarks on Signing the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (1)

• January 19
  Nominates G. Harrold Carswell as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Appendix A, January 19, Biographical data on Judge G. Harrold Carswell nominated as Associate Justice, United States Supreme Court and Robert Semple. "Southerner Named to Supreme Court; Carswell, 50, Viewed as Conservative," New York Times, January 20, 1970, p.1

  
   

• January 26
  Vetoes the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW)- Labor Appropriation Bill

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Remarks on Vetoing the Labor-HEW-OEO Appropriations Bill (13) and Veto Message on the Labor-HEW-OEO Appropriations Bill (January 27, 1970) (14)

  
   

• January 26
  Vetoes the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW)- Labor Appropriation Bill 
   

• March 11
  Announces an expanded program to combat drug abuse

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Statement Announcing an Expanded Federal Program to Combat Drug Abuse (76)

  
   

• March 18
  United States Postal Service workers in New York City go on strike; the strike spreads to the state of California and the cities of Akron, Philadelphia, Chicago, Boston, and Denver; 210,000 out of 750,000 U.S. postal employees walk out. President Nixon assigns military units to New York City post offices. The strike lasts two weeks. 
   
• March 25
  The Concorde makes its first supersonic flight (700 mph/1127 km/h). 
   
• April 1
  President Richard Nixon signs the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act into law, banning cigarette television advertisements in the United States, starting on January 1, 1971.
   

• April 8
  Senate rejects Nixon's nomination of G. Harrold Carswell as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court by a vote of 51 to 45

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Remarks to Reporters About Nominations to the Supreme Court (108) and Statement About Nominations to the Supreme Court (109) both made on April 9, as well as Facts on File 1970 p. 237D2

  
   

• April 11
  Apollo 13 (Jim Lovell, Fred Haise, Jack Swigert) is launched toward the Moon. On April 13, an oxygen tank in the spacecraft explodes, forcing the crew to abort the mission. They return safely to Earth on April 17. 
   

• April 14
  Nominates Harry A. Blackmun as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Statement About Nominations to the Supreme Court (108 ftn.) and Appendix A, April 14

  
   

• April 18
  Nixon presents the Presidential Medal of Freedom to Apollo 13 astronauts.
   
• April 22
  The first Earth Day is celebrated. 
   

• April 30
  Announces the launching of military attacks on enemy sanctuaries in Cambodia

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Address to the Nation on the Situation in Southeast Asia (139)

  
   

• May 4
  National Guardsmen fire on antiwar demonstrators at Kent State University protesting the American invasion of Cambodia, killing four and wounding nine students.

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Statement on the Deaths of Four Students at Kent State University, Kent, Ohio (140)

  
   

• May 9
  One hundred thousand people demonstrate in Washington, DC against the Vietnam War. 
   

• May 12
  By a vote of 94-0, Senate confirms nomination of Harry A. Blackmun as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court

  Reference:   Facts on File 1970 p. 326A1

  
   

• June 10
  Announces extension of Welfare Reform proposals

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Statement Announcing Extensions of Welfare Reform Proposals (183) and Facts on File 1970 p. 420E2

  
   

• June 18
  Edward Heath is elected Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in the general election.
   

• July 9
  Announces plan to establish the Environmental Protection Agency and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Special Message to the Congress about Reorganization Plans to Establish the Environmental Protection Agency and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (215)

  
   

• September 1970
  The Jordan Crisis, also known as "Black September," marks violence against Palestinian attempts to overthrow King Hussein's monarchy.
   
• September 18
  Jimi Hendrix, guitarist and singer, dies
   
• September 21
  NFL Monday Night Football premieres on ABC
   

• September 27-October 5
  Visits Italy, Vatican City, Yugoslavia, Spain, and Great Britain

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Remarks on Arrival in Rome, Italy (304) and Remarks at Andrews Air Force Base on Returning from Europe (329). See also items (305)-(328)

  
   

• October 1970
  The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) begins broadcasting.
   
• October 4
  Janis Joplin, singer, dies
   
• October 17
  Anwar Sadat officially becomes President of Egypt
   

• December 21
  Elvis Presley meets President Nixon in the Oval Office

  Reference:   Nixon Presidential Materials.   White House Central Files HE 5-1 [EX], December 21, 1970, memo for the President and the National Archives' exhibit When Nixon Met Elvis

• December 31
  Signs Clean Air Act of 1970

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Remarks on Signing the Clean Air Amendments of 1970 (485). As enacted, the bill (H.R. 17255) is Public Law 91-604 (84 Stat. 1676).

• January 31
  Apollo 14 (Alan Shepard, Stuart Roosa, Edgar Mitchell) lifts off on the third successful lunar landing mission.
   
• February 5
  Apollo 14 lands on the moon.
   
• February 8
  A new stock market index called the Nasdaq debuts.
   
• February 9
  Satchel Paige becomes the first Negro League player to become voted into the Baseball Hall of Fame.
   

• February 11
  Signs Executive Order 11582, "Observance of Holidays by Government Agencies," announcing the new Federal holiday calendar. This change adds Columbus Day as a legal public holiday and designates certain Mondays for five of the nine holidays. Nixon did not issue a proclamation changing the Federal holiday's name from "Washington's Birthday" to "President's Day."

  Reference:   C. L. Arbelbide, "By George, It IS Washington's Birthday," Prologue Winter 2004: 31-37.

• February 16
  Begins secretly recording conversations and meetings in the Oval Office and in the Cabinet Room

  Reference:   John Powers, "The History of Presidential Audio Recordings and the Archival Issues Surrounding Their Use" (1996) available at:   the University of Virginia's Miller Center

• March 1
  A bomb explodes in the men's room on the Senate side of the U.S. Capitol; the Weather Underground claims responsibility.
   

• March 17
  Signs increase in Social Security benefits

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Statement on Signing Bill Increasing Social Security Benefits (107)

• April 1971-May 1971
  "MayDay" demonstrations in Washington, D.C., and across the country 
   

• April 20
  Supreme Court rules that busing children as a means of dismantling dual school systems is constitutional

  Reference:   Swann v. Board of Education, 402 U.S. 1 (1971) and Facts on File 1971 p. 290C1

• April 24
  Five hundred thousand people in Washington, DC and 125,000 in San Francisco march against the Vietnam War.
   

• June 10
  Ends U.S.-China trade embargo

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Appendix A, June 10, Statement: announcing termination of trade controls on nonstrategic U.S. exports to and imports from the People's Republic of China--by Press Secretary Ronald L. Ziegler

• June 12
  Daughter Patricia ("Tricia") Nixon marries Edward Ridley Finch Cox at the White House.

  Reference:   Washington Post "TV Coverage" June 12, 1971 "There will be no live television coverage of the White House wedding of Tricia Nixon and Edward Finch Cox today" p. C2

• June 13
  New York Times begins publishing the "Pentagon Papers" that revealed duplicity of the Kennedy and Johnson administrations' Vietnam policy.

  Reference:   Sheehan, Neil. "Vietnam Archive: Pentagon Study Traces 3 Decades of Growing U. S. Involvement." New York Times, June 13, 1971, p. 1

• June 30
  Twenty-sixth amendment to the Constitution adopted granting eighteen-, nineteen-, and twenty-year-olds the right to vote

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Statement about ratification of the 26th Amendment to the Constitution (219)

  
   

• July 3
  Jim Morrison, is found dead in a bath tub in Paris, France aged 27. 
   
• July 9
  Nixon sends National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger to Peking, China, to arrange with Prime Minister Chou en Lai a visit for President Nixon.
   

• July 12
  Signs Emergency Employment Act

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Remarks on Signing the Emergency Employment Act of 1971 (227) and Statement about the Emergency Employment Act of 1971 (228)

• July 15
  Announcement of the President's forthcoming trip to the People's Republic of China

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Remarks to the Nation Announcing Acceptance of an Invitation to Visit the People's Repbulic of China (231)

• August 5
  Establishes the National Business Council for Consumer Affairs

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Statement on Signing Executive Order Establishing the National Business Council for Consumer Affairs (252)

• August 15
  Under the authority of the Economic Stabilization Act of 1970 (84 Stat. 799), announces Phase I of the Economic Stabilization Program, a new economic policy of wage and price controls and a new international economic system that results in the end of the gold standard

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Address to the Nation Outlining a New Economic Policy: "The Challenge of Peace" (264) and Executive Order 11615

• September 3
  Quadripartite Agreement on Berlin is signed by the United States, Soviet Union, United Kingdom and France to establish trade and travel relations between West Berlin and West Germany and communications between East Berlin and West Berlin.

  Reference:   Facts on File 1971 p. 686F3 "Envoys sign Berlin draft. The four envoys who negotiated the Berlin draft agreement in August signed the accord Sept. 3 after it had been approved by the governments of the U.S., Britain, France, and the Soviet Union, the countries with responsibility for the future of Berlin."

• September 17
  Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black, who was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt in 1937, resigns

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Remarks at a Question-and-Answer Session with a 10-Member Panel of the Economic Club of Detroit (297 ftn. p. 976)

  
   

• September 23
  Supreme Court Justice John Marshall Harlan, who was appointed by President Eisenhower in 1955, resigns

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Remarks at a Question-and-Answer Session with a 10-Member Panel of the Economic Club of Detroit (297 ftn. p. 976)

• October 1
  Walt Disney World opens in Florida.
   

• October 21
  Nominates Lewis F. Powell, Jr., and William H. Rehnquist as Associate Justices of the Supreme Court

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Address to the Nation Announcing Intention to Nominate Lewis F. Powell, Jr., and William H. Rehnquist to be Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States (337)

• November 14
  Phase II of the Economic Stabilization Program goes into effect

  Reference:   Facts on File 1971 p. 887A1. "Phase Two begins" and Executive Order 11627

• November 22-December 16
  The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 leads to India's victory and independence of Bangladesh.

  Reference:   Facts on File 1971 pgs. 846, 863, 885, 901, 924, 941, 961-963, and 985

• December 6
  By a vote of 89 to 1, Senate confirms Lewis F. Powell, Jr., as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Statement about Senate Confirmation of Lewis F. Powell, Jr., and William H. Rehnquist as Associate Justices of the Supreme Court (391) and Facts on File 1971 p. 947F2

• December 10
  By a vote of 68 to 26, Senate confirms William H. Rehnquist as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Statement about Senate Confirmation of Lewis F. Powell, Jr., and William H. Rehnquist as Associate Justices of the Supreme Court (391) and Facts on File 1971 p. 970F2

• January 7
  Announces candidacy for a second Presidential term

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Letter Announcing Candidacy for Renomination and Reelection (6)

• January 7
  Lewis F. Powell, Jr., and William H. Rehnquist take the judicial oath as Associate Justices of the Supreme Court

  Reference:   Facts on File 1972 p. 9C1

• February 7
  Signs Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Statement on Signing the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 (46)

• February 21-28
  Visits People's Republic of China

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Chronology of Visit to the People's Republic of China (63A). See also items (64)-(73)

• March 25
  Signs Equal Employment Opportunities Act of 1972

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Statement about Signing the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 (105)

• April 20
  Bob Hope visits the White House.
   

• May 8
  Announces mining of North Vietnamese harbors

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Address to the Nation on the Situation in Southeast Asia (147)

• May 15
  George C. Wallace, Governor of Alabama, shot while campaigning

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Statement about Attempt on Life of Governor George C. Wallace of Alabama (151)

• May 20-June 1
  Visits Austria, U.S.S.R., Iran, and Poland and signs the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT)

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Chronology of Visit to Austria, the Soviet Union, Iran, and Poland (162A). See also items (163)-(188)

• June 17
  Five burglars from a domestic espionage network working for the Commitee to Re-Elect the President are arrested inside the Democratic National Committee headquarters in the Washington, D.C., Watergate office complex.

  Reference:   Watergate: Chronology of a Crisis.   Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, Inc., 1975, p. xv

• June 23
  Haldeman and Nixon discuss the progress of the FBI's investigation, especially the tracing of the source of money found on the burglars. They propose having the CIA ask the FBI to halt its investigation of the Watergate break-in by claiming that the break-in was a national security operation. This conversation is commonly referred to as the "smoking gun."  [See Also:  "Smoking Gun" Conversation (741-02)]

  Reference:   Nixon Presidential Materials.   White House Tapes, June 23, 1972, Conversation Number 741-2

• June 29
  Supreme Court rules the death penalty unconstitutional

  Reference:   Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238 (1972)

• July 1
  Signs Veterans' Compensation and Relief Act of 1972

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Statement about Signing the Veterans' Compensation and Relief Act of 1972 (218)

• August 1
  A $25,000 cashier check designated for the Nixon campaign is found in the bank account of a Watergate burglar.
   

• August 23
  Accepts the Presidential nomination of the Republication National Convention in the Convention Hall, Miami Beach, Florida

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Remarks on Accepting the Presidential Nomination of the Republican National Convention (266)

• September 5
  Olympic Games disrupted when Palestinian terrorists kill eleven Israeli athletes

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Remarks to Reporters about the Assault on Israeli Athletes at the Olympic Games in Munich, Germany (287)

• November 7
  Nixon is re-elected to a second term in the largest land-slide victory in American political history.

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Remarks on Being Reelected to the Presidency (414)

• November 8
  Home Box Office (HBO) is launched.
   

• December 18-30
  "Christmas bombing" of North Vietnam

  Reference:   Information Please Almanac Atlas and Yearbook 1974.   New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973, p.68 and Facts on File 1972 p.1013A1

• December 30
  Announces halt to bombing in North Vietnam

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Appendix B, December 30, "...In a news briefing following the announcement, Deputy Press Secretary Gerald L. Warren stated, 'The President has ordered that all bombing will be discontinued above the 20th parallel as long as serious negotiations are under way.'" and Information Please Almanac Atlas and Yearbook 1974.   New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973, p.68

• January 11
  Phase III of the Economic Stabilization Program goes into effect

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Special Message to the Congress Announcing Phase III of the Economic Stabilization Program and Requesting Extension of Authorizing Legislation (6) and Executive Order 11695

• January 20
  Inauguration

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Oath of Office and Second Inaugural Address (8)

• January 22
  Supreme Court rules in Roe v. Wade, stating that the constitutional right to privacy "is broad enough to encompass a woman's decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy."

  Reference:   Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973)

• January 22
  George Foreman beats Joe Frazier by a knockout in two rounds to lift the world's Heavyweight championship from Frazier. It is HBO Boxing's first telecast. 
   

• January 23
  Announces agreement reached on end to Vietnam War

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Address to the Nation Announcing Conclusion of an Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam (12)

• January 27
  Peace treaty ending the Vietnam War signed in Paris

  Reference:   Information Please Almanac Atlas and Yearbook 1974.   New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973, p.68 and Public Papers. Address to the Nation Announcing Conclusion of an Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam (12)

• January 30
  James McCord and G. Gordon Liddy convicted of conspiracy, burglary, and wiretapping

  Reference:   Watergate: Chronology of a Crisis.   Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, Inc., 1975, p. xxi; 9-11; Ford Library Watergate Exhibit and United States v. George Gordon Liddy, Everett Howard Hunt, James W. Mccord, Bernard L. Barker, Eugenio R. Martinez, et al. (U. S. District Court for the District of Columbia CR 827-72)

• February 7
  U.S. Senate creates the Senate Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities with Senate Resolution 60

  Reference:   Watergate: Chronology of a Crisis.   Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, Inc., 1975, p. 3 and Ford Library Watergate Exhibit

• February 12
  First group of Vietnam Prisoners of War (POWs) returns

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Statement on the Return of the First Group of American Prisoners of War from Southeast Asia (February 11) (38) and James P. Sterba, "Airlift is Begun." New York Times, February 12, 1973, p.1

• March 21
  Conversation among President Nixon, John Dean, and H. R. Haldeman. Dean recaps the history of the Watergate break- in and subsequent cover-up for the President. Dean tells the President that the cover-up is "a cancer on the Presidency" that must be excised or his Presidency would be in danger. 

  Reference:   Nixon Presidential Materials.   White House Tapes, March 21, 1973, Conversation Number 886-8

• March 27
  Vetoes Vocational Rehabilitation Bill

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Veto of the Vocational Rehabilitation Bill (91)

• April 4
  Ribbon-cutting ceremony for the World Trade Center in NYC
   
• April 17
  Federal Express officially begins operations, with the launch of 14 small aircraft from Memphis International Airport.
   

• April 30
  Accepts the resignations of Assistant to the President H. R. Haldeman, Assistant to the President for Domestic Affairs John D. Ehrlichman, Attorney General Richard Kleindienst, and Counsel to the President John Dean. Accepts responsibility for the Watergate affair

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Statement Announcing Resignation of the Attorney General and Members of the White House Staff, and Intention to Nominate Elliot L. Richardson to be Attorney General (133)

• May 1
  Senate votes for a resolution calling for the appointment of a Watergate special prosecutor

  Reference:   Watergate: Chronology of a Crisis.   Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, Inc., 1975, p. 28 and Senate Resolution 105

• May 2
  Signs bill extending Economic Stabilization Act of 1970

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Statement about Signing a Bill Extending the Economic Stabilization Act of 1970 (137)

• May 17-August 7
  Each network aired coverage in rotation every third day (ABC was first, then CBS and NBC).
   
• July 1
  The United States Drug Enforcement Administration is founded.
   

• July 11
  Signs bill increasing Social Security benefits

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Statement about Signing a Bill Increasing Social Security Benefits (200)

• July 12
  Last Presidential conversation recorded on the secret taping system.

  Reference:   Nixon Presidential Materials Staff, National Archives and Records Administration

• July 13
  During a private interview with investigators from the Senate Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, Alexander P. Butterfield, administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration and a former White House aide, reveals the existence of the secret White House taping system in advance of his public testimony

  Reference:   Hearings Before the Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities of the United States Senate, Phase I: Watergate Investigation, Book 5. Washington: GPO, 1973

• July 16
  During his testimony at the public hearings of the Senate Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, Alexander Butterfield publicly reveals the existence of the White House taping system and details specifics of how the system worked

  Reference:   Hearings Before the Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities of the United States Senate, Phase I: Watergate Investigation, Book 5. Washington: GPO, 1973

• July 18
  Phase IV of the Economic Stabilization Program goes into effect

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Statement Announcing Measures to be Taken under Phase IV of the Economic Stabilization Program (207) and Executive Order 11730

• July 31
  Representative Robert F. Drinan (D-Mass.) introduces impeachment resolution in Congress

  Reference:   Information Please Almanac Atlas and Yearbook 1974.   New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973, p. 24 and Lyons, Richard L. "Impeachment Move Offered." Washington Post, August 1, 1973, p. A1

• August 10
  Signs Agriculture and Consumer Protection Act of 1973

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Statement on Signing the Agriculture and Consumer Protection Act of 1973 (231)

• September 20
  Billie Jean King defeats Bobby Riggs in a televised tennis match.
   

• September 22
  Henry A. Kissinger sworn in as Secretary of State

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Remarks at the Swearing In of Henry A. Kissinger as Secretary of State (268)

• October 6-24
  Arab-Israeli War (Yom Kippur War) occurs when a coalition of Arab nations led by Egypt and Syria attacks Israel.

  Reference:   Kissinger, Henry. Years of Upheaval. Boston: Little Brown, 1982 pgs. 450-575

• October 10
  Vice President Spiro T. Agnew resigns after corruption charges beginning when he was county executive of Baltimore County, Maryland. Gerald R. Ford replaced Agnew as Vice President.

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Letter to Spiro T. Agnew about his Decision to Resign as Vice President (290)

• October 12
  Nominates House Minority Leader Gerald R. Ford for Vice President

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Remarks Announcing Intention to Nominate Gerald R. Ford to be Vice President (294)

• October 20
  Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus resign rather than fire the Watergate Special Prosecutor, Archibald Cox. Acting Attorney General Robert Bork fires Cox. These events are commonly referred to as the "Saturday Night Massacre."

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Letter Accepting the Resignation of Elliot L. Richardson as Attorney General (308) and Letter Directing the Acting Attorney General to Discharge the Director of the Office of Watergate Special Prosecution Force (309)

• October 24
  Vetoes War Powers Resolution

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Veto of the War Powers Resolution (311)

• November 17
  To the Associated Press managing editors, Nixon says, "People have got to know whether or not their President is a crook. Well, I'm not a crook."
   
• November 29
  Atari kicks off the first generation of video games with the release of their seminal arcade version of PONG, the first game to achieve commercial success
   

• December 6
  Gerald R. Ford becomes Vice President

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Appendix B, December 6, "The President accompanied Gerald R. Ford to the House Chamber at the Capitol where Mr. Ford took the oath of office as the 40th Vice President of the United States."

• December 11
  Signs bill establishing American Revolution Bicentennial Administration

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Remarks on Signing a Bill Establishing the American Revolution Bicentennial Administration (356) and (87 Stat. 697)

• January 2
  Signs Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Statement on Signing the Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act (3)

• February 6
  House of Representatives votes to proceed with their Presidential impeachment probe

  Reference:   Watergate: Chronology of a Crisis.   Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, Inc., 1975, p. 521; Ford Library Watergate Exhibit; and House Resolution 803

• February 19
  Meets with Foreign Minister Saqqaf of Saudi Arabia and Foreign Minister Fahmy of Egypt on prospects for peace in the Middle East

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Remarks Following a Meeting with Arab Foreign Ministers to Discuss Prospects for Peace in the Middle East (52)

• February 27
  People magazine is published for the first time.
   

• March 6
  Vetoes Energy Emergency Bill

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Veto of the Energy Emergency Bill (69)

• April 8
  Signs Fair Labor Standards Amendments of 1974

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Statement on Signing the Fair Labor Standards Amendments of 1974 (104)

• April 8
  Hank Aaron hits his career home run # 715, breaking Babe Ruth's career home run record. 
   

• April 29
  Announces that Nixon is publishing transcripts of forty-six taped conversations subpoenaed by the Watergate Special Prosecutor and the House Judiciary Committee

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Address to the Nation Announcing Answer to the House Judiciary Committee Subpoena for Additional Presidential Tape Recordings (122)

• May 7
  Signs Federal Energy Administration Act of 1974

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Remarks on Signing the Federal Energy Administration Act of 1974 (130)

• June 10-19
  Visits Austria, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Israel, and Jordan

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Remarks on Departure for the Middle East (170). See also items (171)-(193)

• June 25-July 3
  Visits Belgium and the Soviet Union

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Remarks on Departure for Belgium and the Soviet Union (198). See also items (199)-(211)

• July 24
  Supreme Court rules in U.S. v. Nixon that President Nixon must hand over subpoenaed tapes to John Sirica, U.S. District Court Chief Judge

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Statement Announcing Intention to Comply with Supreme Court decision Requiring Production of Presidential Tape Recordings (228) and 418 U.S. 683 (1974)

• July 27 -30
  House Judiciary Committee adopts three articles of impeachment against the President

  Reference:   Watergate: Chronology of a Crisis.   Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, Inc., 1975, p. 752 and Ford Library Watergate Exhibit

• August 8
  In a television broadcast, Nixon announces to the nation that his resignation that would be effective the next day.  [See Also: Resignation Letter]

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Address to the Nation Announcing Decision to Resign the Office of the President of the United States (244)

• August 9
  Leaves office. At 10:00 a.m. boards helicopter on the South Grounds of the White House and flies to Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland. From there, flies to El Toro Marine Corps Air Station, California aboard the Spirit of 76.

  Reference:   Public Papers.   Remarks on Departure from the White House (245) and Nixon Presidential Materials. Daily Diary, August 9, 1974, Box RC 14

• September 8, 1974
  Nixon accepts the pardon of President Gerald Ford "for all offenses against the United States which he, Richard Nixon, has committed or may have committed or taken part in during the period from January 20, 1969 through August 9,1974."
   
• August 8-September, 1985
  In a five-week fact-finding trip, Nixon visits and meets with top leaders in China, Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Burma, Pakistan, Turkey, and Great Britain.
   
• 1986
  Nixon meets with Mikhail Gorbachev.
   
• June 22, 1993
  Mrs. Nixon dies at home in Park Ridge, New Jersey.
   
• April 22, 1994
  Nixon dies in New York City.